Text Of H. R. 6166: Sanctioning Torture, Abolishing the Right To A Trial and More.....

109th CONGRESS

2d Session

H. R. 6166

AN ACT

To amend title 10, United States Code, to authorize trial by military commission for violations of the law of war, and for other purposes.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled,

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.

(a) Short Title- This Act may be cited as the `Military Commissions Act of 2006'.

(b) Table of Contents- The table of contents for this Act is as follows:

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.

Sec. 2. Construction of Presidential authority to establish military commissions.

Sec. 3. Military commissions.

Sec. 4. Amendments to Uniform Code of Military Justice.

Sec. 5. Treaty obligations not establishing grounds for certain claims.

Sec. 6. Implementation of treaty obligations.

Sec. 7. Habeas corpus matters.

Sec. 8. Revisions to Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 relating to protection of certain United States Government personnel.

Sec. 9. Review of judgments of military commissions.

Sec. 10. Detention covered by review of decisions of Combatant Status Review Tribunals of propriety of detention.

SEC. 2. CONSTRUCTION OF PRESIDENTIAL AUTHORITY TO ESTABLISH MILITARY COMMISSIONS.

The authority to establish military commissions under chapter 47A of title 10, United States Code, as added by section 3(a), may not be construed to alter or limit the authority of the President under the Constitution of the United States and laws of the United States to establish military commissions for areas declared to be under martial law or in occupied territories should circumstances so require.

SEC. 3. MILITARY COMMISSIONS.

(a) Military Commissions-

(1) IN GENERAL- Subtitle A of title 10, United States Code, is amended by inserting after chapter 47 the following new chapter:

`CHAPTER 47A--MILITARY COMMISSIONS

`Subchapter

948a 948h 948q 949a 949s 950a 950p

`SUBCHAPTER I--GENERAL PROVISIONS
`Sec.
`948a. Definitions.
`948b. Military commissions generally.
`948c. Persons subject to military commissions.
`948d. Jurisdiction of military commissions.
`948e. Annual report to congressional committees.

`Sec. 948a. Definitions

`In this chapter:

`(1) UNLAWFUL ENEMY COMBATANT- (A) The term `unlawful enemy combatant' means--

`(i) a person who has engaged in hostilities or who has purposefully and materially supported hostilities against the United States or its co-belligerents who is not a lawful enemy combatant (including a person who is part of the Taliban, al Qaeda, or associated forces); or

`(ii) a person who, before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, has been determined to be an unlawful enemy combatant by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense.

`(B) CO-BELLIGERENT- In this paragraph, the term `co-belligerent', with respect to the United States, means any State or armed force joining and directly engaged with the United States in hostilities or directly supporting hostilities against a common enemy.

`(2) LAWFUL ENEMY COMBATANT- The term `lawful enemy combatant' means a person who is--

`(A) a member of the regular forces of a State party engaged in hostilities against the United States;

`(B) a member of a militia, volunteer corps, or organized resistance movement belonging to a State party engaged in such hostilities, which are under responsible command, wear a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance, carry their arms openly, and abide by the law of war; or

`(C) a member of a regular armed force who professes allegiance to a government engaged in such hostilities, but not recognized by the United States.

`(3) ALIEN- The term `alien' means a person who is not a citizen of the United States.

`(4) CLASSIFIED INFORMATION- The term `classified information' means the following:

`(A) Any information or material that has been determined by the United States Government pursuant to statute, Executive order, or regulation to require protection against unauthorized disclosure for reasons of national security.

`(B) Any restricted data, as that term is defined in section 11 y. of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2014(y)).

`(5) GENEVA CONVENTIONS- The term `Geneva Conventions' means the international conventions signed at Geneva on August 12, 1949.

`Sec. 948b. Military commissions generally

`(a) Purpose- This chapter establishes procedures governing the use of military commissions to try alien unlawful enemy combatants engaged in hostilities against the United States for violations of the law of war and other offenses triable by military commission.

`(b) Authority for Military Commissions Under This Chapter- The President is authorized to establish military commissions under this chapter for offenses triable by military commission as provided in this chapter.

`(c) Construction of Provisions- The procedures for military commissions set forth in this chapter are based upon the procedures for trial by general courts-martial under chapter 47 of this title (the Uniform Code of Military Justice). Chapter 47 of this title does not, by its terms, apply to trial by military commission except as specifically provided in this chapter. The judicial construction and application of that chapter are not binding on military commissions established under this chapter.

`(d) Inapplicability of Certain Provisions- (1) The following provisions of this title shall not apply to trial by military commission under this chapter:

`(A) Section 810 (article 10 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), relating to speedy trial, including any rule of courts-martial relating to speedy trial.

`(B) Sections 831(a), (b), and (d) (articles 31(a), (b), and (d) of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), relating to compulsory self-incrimination.

`(C) Section 832 (article 32 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice), relating to pretrial investigation.

`(2) Other provisions of chapter 47 of this title shall apply to trial by military commission under this chapter only to the extent provided by this chapter.

`(e) Treatment of Rulings and Precedents- The findings, holdings, interpretations, and other precedents of military commissions under this chapter may not be introduced or considered in any hearing, trial, or other proceeding of a court-martial convened under chapter 47 of this title. The findings, holdings, interpretations, and other precedents of military commissions under this chapter may not form the basis of any holding, decision, or other determination of a court-martial convened under that chapter.

`(f) Status of Commissions Under Common Article 3- A military commission established under this chapter is a regularly constituted court, affording all the necessary `judicial guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples' for purposes of common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions.

`(g) Geneva Conventions Not Establishing Source of Rights- No alien unlawful enemy combatant subject to trial by military commission under this chapter may invoke the Geneva Conventions as a source of rights.

`Sec. 948c. Persons subject to military commissions

`Any alien unlawful enemy combatant is subject to trial by military commission under this chapter.

`Sec. 948d. Jurisdiction of military commissions

`(a) Jurisdiction- A military commission under this chapter shall have jurisdiction to try any offense made punishable by this chapter or the law of war when committed by an alien unlawful enemy combatant before, on, or after September 11, 2001.

`(b) Lawful Enemy Combatants- Military commissions under this chapter shall not have jurisdiction over lawful enemy combatants. Lawful enemy combatants who violate the law of war are subject to chapter 47 of this title. Courts-martial established under that chapter shall have jurisdiction to try a lawful enemy combatant for any offense made punishable under this chapter.

`(c) Determination of Unlawful Enemy Combatant Status Dispositive- A finding, whether before, on, or after the date of the enactment of the Military Commissions Act of 2006, by a Combatant Status Review Tribunal or another competent tribunal established under the authority of the President or the Secretary of Defense that a person is an unlawful enemy combatant is dispositive for purposes of jurisdiction for trial by military commission under this chapter.

`(d) Punishments- A military commission under this chapter may, under such limitations as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe, adjudge any punishment not forbidden by this chapter, including the penalty of death when authorized under this chapter or the law of war.

`Sec. 948e. Annual report to congressional committees

`(a) Annual Report Required- Not later than December 31 each year, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives a report on any trials conducted by military commissions under this chapter during such year.

`(b) Form- Each report under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

`SUBCHAPTER II--COMPOSITION OF MILITARY COMMISSIONS

`Sec.
`948h. Who may convene military commissions.
`948i. Who may serve on military commissions.
`948j. Military judge of a military commission.
`948k. Detail of trial counsel and defense counsel.
`948l. Detail or employment of reporters and interpreters.
`948m. Number of members; excuse of members; absent and additional members.

`Sec. 948h. Who may convene military commissions

`Military commissions under this chapter may be convened by the Secretary of Defense or by any officer or official of the United States designated by the Secretary for that purpose.

`Sec. 948i. Who may serve on military commissions

`(a) In General- Any commissioned officer of the armed forces on active duty is eligible to serve on a military commission under this chapter.

`(b) Detail of Members- When convening a military commission under this chapter, the convening authority shall detail as members of the commission such members of the armed forces eligible under subsection (a), as in the opinion of the convening authority, are best qualified for the duty by reason of age, education, training, experience, length of service, and judicial temperament. No member of an armed force is eligible to serve as a member of a military commission when such member is the accuser or a witness for the prosecution or has acted as an investigator or counsel in the same case.

`(c) Excuse of Members- Before a military commission under this chapter is assembled for the trial of a case, the convening authority may excuse a member from participating in the case.

`Sec. 948j. Military judge of a military commission

`(a) Detail of Military Judge- A military judge shall be detailed to each military commission under this chapter. The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations providing for the manner in which military judges are so detailed to military commissions. The military judge shall preside over each military commission to which he has been detailed.

`(b) Qualifications- A military judge shall be a commissioned officer of the armed forces who is a member of the bar of a Federal court, or a member of the bar of the highest court of a State, and who is certified to be qualified for duty under section 826 of this title (article 26 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice) as a military judge in general courts-martial by the Judge Advocate General of the armed force of which such military judge is a member.

`(c) Ineligibility of Certain Individuals- No person is eligible to act as military judge in a case of a military commission under this chapter if he is the accuser or a witness or has acted as investigator or a counsel in the same case.

`(d) Consultation With Members; Ineligibility to Vote- A military judge detailed to a military commission under this chapter may not consult with the members of the commission except in the presence of the accused (except as otherwise provided in section 949d of this title), trial counsel, and defense counsel, nor may he vote with the members of the commission.

`(e) Other Duties- A commissioned officer who is certified to be qualified for duty as a military judge of a military commission under this chapter may perform such other duties as are assigned to him by or with the approval of the Judge Advocate General of the armed force of which such officer is a member or the designee of such Judge Advocate General.

`(f) Prohibition on Evaluation of Fitness by Convening Authority- The convening authority of a military commission under this chapter shall not prepare or review any report concerning the effectiveness, fitness, or efficiency of a military judge detailed to the military commission which relates to his performance of duty as a military judge on the military commission.

`Sec. 948k. Detail of trial counsel and defense counsel

`(a) Detail of Counsel Generally- (1) Trial counsel and military defense counsel shall be detailed for each military commission under this chapter.

`(2) Assistant trial counsel and assistant and associate defense counsel may be detailed for a military commission under this chapter.

`(3) Military defense counsel for a military commission under this chapter shall be detailed as soon as practicable after the swearing of charges against the accused.

`(4) The Secretary of Defense shall prescribe regulations providing for the manner in which trial counsel and military defense counsel are detailed for military commissions under this chapter and for the persons who are authorized to detail such counsel for such commissions.

`(b) Trial Counsel- Subject to subsection (e), trial counsel detailed for a military commission under this chapter must be--

`(1) a judge advocate (as that term is defined in section 801 of this title (article 1 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice) who--

`(A) is a graduate of an accredited law school or is a member of the bar of a Federal court or of the highest court of a State; and

`(B) is certified as competent to perform duties as trial counsel before general courts-martial by the Judge Advocate General of the armed force of which he is a member; or

`(2) a civilian who--

`(A) is a member of the bar of a Federal court or of the highest court of a State; and

`(B) is otherwise qualified to practice before the military commission pursuant to regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.

`(c) Military Defense Counsel- Subject to subsection (e), military defense counsel detailed for a military commission under this chapter must be a judge advocate (as so defined) who is--

`(1) a graduate of an accredited law school or is a member of the bar of a Federal court or of the highest court of a State; and

`(2) certified as competent to perform duties as defense counsel before general courts-martial by the Judge Advocate General of the armed force of which he is a member.

`(d) Chief Prosecutor; Chief Defense Counsel- (1) The Chief Prosecutor in a military commission under this chapter shall meet the requirements set forth in subsection (b)(1).

`(2) The Chief Defense Counsel in a military commission under this chapter shall meet the requirements set forth in subsection (c)(1).

`(e) Ineligibility of Certain Individuals- No person who has acted as an investigator, military judge, or member of a military commission under this chapter in any case may act later as trial counsel or military defense counsel in the same case. No person who has acted for the prosecution before a military commission under this chapter may act later in the same case for the defense, nor may any person who has acted for the defense before a military commission under this chapter act later in the same case for the prosecution.

`Sec. 948l. Detail or employment of reporters and interpreters

`(a) Court Reporters- Under such regulations as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe, the convening authority of a military commission under this chapter shall detail to or employ for the commission qualified court reporters, who shall make a verbatim recording of the proceedings of and testimony taken before the commission.

`(b) Interpreters- Under such regulations as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe, the convening authority of a military commission under this chapter may detail to or employ for the military commission interpreters who shall interpret for the commission and, as necessary, for trial counsel and defense counsel and for the accused.

`(c) Transcript; Record- The transcript of a military commission under this chapter shall be under the control of the convening authority of the commission, who shall also be responsible for preparing the record of the proceedings.

`Sec. 948m. Number of members; excuse of members; absent and additional members

`(a) Number of Members- (1) A military commission under this chapter shall, except as provided in paragraph (2), have at least five members.

`(2) In a case in which the accused before a military commission under this chapter may be sentenced to a penalty of death, the military commission shall have the number of members prescribed by section 949m(c) of this title.

`(b) Excuse of Members- No member of a military commission under this chapter may be absent or excused after the military commission has been assembled for the trial of a case unless excused--

`(1) as a result of challenge;

`(2) by the military judge for physical disability or other good cause; or

`(3) by order of the convening authority for good cause.

`(c) Absent and Additional Members- Whenever a military commission under this chapter is reduced below the number of members required by subsection (a), the trial may not proceed unless the convening authority details new members sufficient to provide not less than such number. The trial may proceed with the new members present after the recorded evidence previously introduced before the members has been read to the military commission in the presence of the military judge, the accused (except as provided in section 949d of this title), and counsel for both sides.

`SUBCHAPTER III--PRE-TRIAL PROCEDURE

`Sec.
`948q. Charges and specifications.
`948r. Compulsory self-incrimination prohibited; treatment of statements obtained by torture and other statements.
`948s. Service of charges.

`Sec. 948q. Charges and specifications

`(a) Charges and Specifications- Charges and specifications against an accused in a military commission under this chapter shall be signed by a person subject to chapter 47 of this title under oath before a commissioned officer of the armed forces authorized to administer oaths and shall state--

`(1) that the signer has personal knowledge of, or reason to believe, the matters set forth therein; and

`(2) that they are true in fact to the best of the signer's knowledge and belief.

`(b) Notice to Accused- Upon the swearing of the charges and specifications in accordance with subsection (a), the accused shall be informed of the charges against him as soon as practicable.

`Sec. 948r. Compulsory self-incrimination prohibited; treatment of statements obtained by torture and other statements

`(a) In General- No person shall be required to testify against himself at a proceeding of a military commission under this chapter.

`(b) Exclusion of Statements Obtained by Torture- A statement obtained by use of torture shall not be admissible in a military commission under this chapter, except against a person accused of torture as evidence that the statement was made.

`(c) Statements Obtained Before Enactment of Detainee Treatment Act of 2005- A statement obtained before December 30, 2005 (the date of the enactment of the Defense Treatment Act of 2005) in which the degree of coercion is disputed may be admitted only if the military judge finds that--

`(1) the totality of the circumstances renders the statement reliable and possessing sufficient probative value; and

`(2) the interests of justice would best be served by admission of the statement into evidence.

`(d) Statements Obtained After Enactment of Detainee Treatment Act of 2005- A statement obtained on or after December 30, 2005 (the date of the enactment of the Defense Treatment Act of 2005) in which the degree of coercion is disputed may be admitted only if the military judge finds that--

`(1) the totality of the circumstances renders the statement reliable and possessing sufficient probative value;

`(2) the interests of justice would best be served by admission of the statement into evidence; and

`(3) the interrogation methods used to obtain the statement do not amount to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment prohibited by section 1003 of the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005.

`Sec. 948s. Service of charges

`The trial counsel assigned to a case before a military commission under this chapter shall cause to be served upon the accused and military defense counsel a copy of the charges upon which trial is to be had. Such charges shall be served in English and, if appropriate, in another language that the accused understands. Such service shall be made sufficiently in advance of trial to prepare a defense.

`SUBCHAPTER IV--TRIAL PROCEDURE
`Sec.
`949a. Rules.
`949b. Unlawfully influencing action of military commission.
`949c. Duties of trial counsel and defense counsel.

`949d. Session
s.
`949e. Continuances.
`949f. Challenges.
`949g. Oaths.
`949h. Former jeopardy.
`949i. Pleas of the accused.
`949j. Opportunity to obtain witnesses and other evidence.
`949k. Defense of lack of mental responsibility.
`949l. Voting and rulings.
`949m. Number of votes required.
`949n. Military commission to announce action.
`949o. Record of trial.

`Sec. 949a. Rules

`(a) Procedures and Rules of Evidence- Pretrial, trial, and post-trial procedures, including elements and modes of proof, for cases triable by military commission under this chapter may be prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Attorney General. Such procedures shall, so far as the Secretary considers practicable or consistent with military or intelligence activities, apply the principles of law and the rules of evidence in trial by general courts-martial. Such procedures and rules of evidence may not be contrary to or inconsistent with this chapter.

`(b) Rules for Military Commission- (1) Notwithstanding any departures from the law and the rules of evidence in trial by general courts-martial authorized by subsection (a), the procedures and rules of evidence in trials by military commission under this chapter shall include the following:

`(A) The accused shall be permitted to present evidence in his defense, to cross-examine the witnesses who testify against him, and to examine and respond to evidence admitted against him on the issue of guilt or innocence and for sentencing, as provided for by this chapter.

`(B) The accused shall be present at all sessions of the military commission (other than those for deliberations or voting), except when excluded under section 949d of this title.

`(C) The accused shall receive the assistance of counsel as provided for by section 948k.

`(D) The accused shall be permitted to represent himself, as provided for by paragraph (3).

`(2) In establishing procedures and rules of evidence for military commission proceedings, the Secretary of Defense may prescribe the following provisions:

`(A) Evidence shall be admissible if the military judge determines that the evidence would have probative value to a reasonable person.

`(B) Evidence shall not be excluded from trial by military commission on the grounds that the evidence was not seized pursuant to a search warrant or other authorization.

`(C) A statement of the accused that is otherwise admissible shall not be excluded from trial by military commission on grounds of alleged coercion or compulsory self-incrimination so long as the evidence complies with the provisions of section 948r of this title.

`(D) Evidence shall be admitted as authentic so long as--

`(i) the military judge of the military commission determines that there is sufficient basis to find that the evidence is what it is claimed to be; and

`(ii) the military judge instructs the members that they may consider any issue as to authentication or identification of evidence in determining the weight, if any, to be given to the evidence.

`(E)(i) Except as provided in clause (ii), hearsay evidence not otherwise admissible under the rules of evidence applicable in trial by general courts-martial may be admitted in a trial by military commission if the proponent of the evidence makes known to the adverse party, sufficiently in advance to provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to meet the evidence, the intention of the proponent to offer the evidence, and the particulars of the evidence (including information on the general circumstances under which the evidence was obtained). The disclosure of evidence under the preceding sentence is subject to the requirements and limitations applicable to the disclosure of classified information in section 949j(c) of this title.

`(ii) Hearsay evidence not otherwise admissible under the rules of evidence applicable in trial by general courts-martial shall not be admitted in a trial by military commission if the party opposing the admission of the evidence demonstrates that the evidence is unreliable or lacking in probative value.

`(F) The military judge shall exclude any evidence the probative value of which is substantially outweighed--

`(i) by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the commission; or

`(ii) by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.

`(3)(A) The accused in a military commission under this chapter who exercises the right to self-representation under paragraph (1)(D) shall conform his deportment and the conduct of the defense to the rules of evidence, procedure, and decorum applicable to trials by military commission.

`(B) Failure of the accused to conform to the rules described in subparagraph (A) may result in a partial or total revocation by the military judge of the right of self-representation under paragraph (1)(D). In such case, the detailed defense counsel of the accused or an appropriately authorized civilian counsel shall perform the functions necessary for the defense.

`(c) Delegation of Authority to Prescribe Regulations- The Secretary of Defense may delegate the authority of the Secretary to prescribe regulations under this chapter.

`(d) Notification to Congressional Committees of Changes to Procedures- Not later than 60 days before the date on which any proposed modification of the procedures in effect for military commissions under this chapter goes into effect, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a report describing the modification.

`Sec. 949b. Unlawfully influencing action of military commission

`(a) In General- (1) No authority convening a military commission under this chapter may censure, reprimand, or admonish the military commission, or any member, military judge, or counsel thereof, with respect to the findings or sentence adjudged by the military commission, or with respect to any other exercises of its or his functions in the conduct of the proceedings.

`(2) No person may attempt to coerce or, by any unauthorized means, influence--

`(A) the action of a military commission under this chapter, or any member thereof, in reaching the findings or sentence in any case;

`(B) the action of any convening, approving, or reviewing authority with respect to his judicial acts; or

`(C) the exercise of professional judgment by trial counsel or defense counsel.

`(3) Paragraphs (1) and (2) do not apply with respect to--

`(A) general instructional or informational courses in military justice if such courses are designed solely for the purpose of instructing members of a command in the substantive and procedural aspects of military commissions; or

`(B) statements and instructions given in open proceedings by a military judge or counsel.

`(b) Prohibition on Consideration of Actions on Commission in Evaluation of Fitness- In the preparation of an effectiveness, fitness, or efficiency report or any other report or document used in whole or in part for the purpose of determining whether a commissioned officer of the armed forces is qualified to be advanced in grade, or in determining the assignment or transfer of any such officer or whether any such officer should be retained on active duty, no person may--

`(1) consider or evaluate the performance of duty of any member of a military commission under this chapter; or

`(2) give a less favorable rating or evaluation to any commissioned officer because of the zeal with which such officer, in acting as counsel, represented any accused before a military commission under this chapter.

`Sec. 949c. Duties of trial counsel and defense counsel

`(a) Trial Counsel- The trial counsel of a military commission under this chapter shall prosecute in the name of the United States.

`(b) Defense Counsel- (1) The accused shall be represented in his defense before a military commission under this chapter as provided in this subsection.

`(2) The accused shall be represented by military counsel detailed under section 948k of this title.

`(3) The accused may be represented by civilian counsel if retained by the accused, but only if such civilian counsel--

`(A) is a United States citizen;

`(B) is admitted to the practice of law in a State, district, or possession of the United States or before a Federal court;

`(C) has not been the subject of any sanction of disciplinary action by any court, bar, or other competent governmental authority for relevant misconduct;

`(D) has been determined to be eligible for access to classified information that is classified at the level Secret or higher; and

`(E) has signed a written agreement to comply with all applicable regulations or instructions for counsel, including any rules of court for conduct during the proceedings.

`(4) Civilian defense counsel shall protect any classified information received during the course of representation of the accused in accordance with all applicable law governing the protection of classified information and may not divulge such information to any person not authorized to receive it.

`(5) If the accused is represented by civilian counsel, detailed military counsel shall act as associate counsel.

`(6) The accused is not entitled to be represented by more than one military counsel. However, the person authorized under regulations prescribed under section 948k of this title to detail counsel, in that person's sole discretion, may detail additional military counsel to represent the accused.

`(7) Defense counsel may cross-examine each witness for the prosecution who testifies before a military commission under this chapter.

`Sec. 949d. Sessions

`(a) Sessions Without Presence of Members- (1) At any time after the service of charges which have been referred for trial by military commission under this chapter, the military judge may call the military commission into session without the presence of the members for the purpose of--

`(A) hearing and determining motions raising defenses or objections which are capable of determination without trial of the issues raised by a plea of not guilty;

`(B) hearing and ruling upon any matter which may be ruled upon by the military judge under this chapter, whether or not the matter is appropriate for later consideration or decision by the members;

`(C) if permitted by regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, receiving the pleas of the accused; and

`(D) performing any other procedural function which may be performed by the military judge under this chapter or under rules prescribed pursuant to section 949a of this title and which does not require the presence of the members.

`(2) Except as provided in subsections (c) and (e), any proceedings under paragraph (1) shall--

`(A) be conducted in the presence of the accused, defense counsel, and trial counsel; and

`(B) be made part of the record.

`(b) Proceedings in Presence of Accused- Except as provided in subsections (c) and (e), all proceedings of a military commission under this chapter, including any consultation of the members with the military judge or counsel, shall--

`(1) be in the presence of the accused, defense counsel, and trial counsel; and

`(2) be made a part of the record.

`(c) Deliberation or Vote of Members- When the members of a military commission under this chapter deliberate or vote, only the members may be present.

`(d) Closure of Proceedings- (1) The military judge may close to the public all or part of the proceedings of a military commission under this chapter, but only in accordance with this subsection.

`(2) The military judge may close to the public all or a portion of the proceedings under paragraph (1) only upon making a specific finding that such closure is necessary to--

`(A) protect information the disclosure of which could reasonably be expected to cause damage to the national security, including intelligence or law enforcement sources, methods, or activities; or

`(B) ensure the physical safety of individuals.

`(3) A finding under paragraph (2) may be based upon a presentation, including a presentation ex parte or in camera, by either trial counsel or defense counsel.

`(e) Exclusion of Accused From Certain Proceedings- The military judge may exclude the accused from any portion of a proceeding upon a determination that, after being warned by the military judge, the accused persists in conduct that justifies exclusion from the courtroom--

`(1) to ensure the physical safety of individuals; or

`(2) to prevent disruption of the proceedings by the accused.

`(f) Protection of Classified Information-

`(1) NATIONAL SECURITY PRIVILEGE- (A) Classified information shall be protected and is privileged from disclosure if disclosure would be detrimental to the national security. The rule in the preceding sentence applies to all stages of the proceedings of military commissions under this chapter.

`(B) The privilege referred to in subparagraph (A) may be claimed by the head of the executive or military department or government agency concerned based on a finding by the head of that department or agency that--

`(i) the information is properly classified; and

`(ii) disclosure of the information would be detrimental to the national security.

`(C) A person who may claim the privilege referred to in subparagraph (A) may authorize a representative, witness, or trial counsel to claim the privilege and make the finding described in subparagraph (B) on behalf of such person. The authority of the representative, witness, or trial counsel to do so is presumed in the absence of evidence to the contrary.

`(2) INTRODUCTION OF CLASSIFIED INFORMATION-

`(A) ALTERNATIVES TO DISCLOSURE- To protect classified information from disclosure, the military judge, upon motion of trial counsel, shall authorize, to the extent practicable--

`(i) the deletion of specified items of classified information from documents to be introduced as evidence before the military commission;

`(ii) the substitution of a portion or summary of the information for such classified documents; or

`(iii) the substitution of a statement of relevant facts that the classified information would tend to prove.

`(B) PROTECTION OF SOURCES, METHODS, OR ACTIVITIES- The military judge, upon motion of trial counsel, shall permit trial counsel to introduce otherwise admissible evidence before the military commission, while protecting from disclosure the sources, methods, or activities by which the United States acquired the evidence if the military judge finds that (i) the sources, methods, or activities by which the United States acquired the evidence are classified, and (ii) the evidence is reliable. The military judge may require trial counsel to present to the military commission and the defense, to the extent practicable and consistent with national security, an unclassified summary of the sources, methods, or activities by which the United States acquired the evidence.

`(C) ASSERTION OF NATIONAL SECURITY PRIVILEGE AT TRIAL- During the examination of any witness, trial counsel may object to any question, line of inquiry, or motion to admit evidence that would require the disclosure of classified information. Following such an objection, the military judge shall take suitable action to safeguard such classified information. Such action may include the review of trial counsel's claim of privilege by the military judge in camera and on an ex parte basis, and the delay of proceedings to permit trial counsel to consult with the department or agency concerned as to whether the national security privilege should be asserted.

`(3) CONSIDERATION OF PRIVILEGE AND RELATED MATERIALS- A claim of privilege under this subsection, and any materials submitted in support thereof, shall, upon request of the Government, be considered by the military judge in camera and shall not be disclosed to the accused.

`(4) ADDITIONAL REGULATIONS- The Secretary of Defense may prescribe additional regulations, consistent with this subsection, for the use and protection of classified information during proceedings of military commissions under this chapter. A report on any regulations so prescribed, or modified, shall be submitted to the Committees on Armed Services of the Senate and the House of Representatives not later than 60 days before the date on which such regulations or modifications, as the case may be, go into effect.

`Sec. 949e. Continuances

`The military judge in a military commission under this chapter may, for reasonable cause, grant a continuance to any party for such time, and as often, as may appear to be just.

`Sec. 949f. Challenges

`(a) Challenges Authorized- The military judge and members of a military commission under this chapter may be challenged by the accused or trial counsel for cause stated to the commission. The military judge shall determine the relevance and validity of challenges for cause. The military judge may not receive a challenge to more than one person at a time. Challenges by trial counsel shall ordinarily be presented and decided before those by the accused are offered.

`(b) Peremptory Challenges- Each accused and the trial counsel are entitled to one peremptory challenge. The military judge may not be challenged except for cause.

`(c) Challenges Against Additional Members- Whenever additional members are detailed to a military commission under this chapter, and after any challenges for cause against such additional members are presented and decided, each accused and the trial counsel are entitled to one peremptory challenge against members not previously subject to peremptory challenge.

`Sec. 949g. Oaths

`(a) In General- (1) Before performing their respective duties in a military commission under this chapter, military judges, members, trial counsel, defense counsel, reporters, and interpreters shall take an oath to perform their duties faithfully.

`(2) The form of the oath required by paragraph (1), the time and place of the taking thereof, the manner of recording the same, and whether the oath shall be taken for all cases in which duties are to be performed or for a particular case, shall be as prescribed in regulations of the Secretary of Defense. Those regulations may provide that--

`(A) an oath to perform faithfully duties as a military judge, trial counsel, or defense counsel may be taken at any time by any judge advocate or other person certified to be qualified or competent for the duty; and

`(B) if such an oath is taken, such oath need not again be taken at the time the judge advocate or other person is detailed to that duty.

`(b) Witnesses- Each witness before a military commission under this chapter shall be examined on oath.

`Sec. 949h. Former jeopardy

`(a) In General- No person may, without his consent, be tried by a military commission under this chapter a second time for the same offense.

`(b) Scope of Trial- No proceeding in which the accused has been found guilty by military commission under this chapter upon any charge or specification is a trial in the sense of this section until the finding of guilty has become final after review of the case has been fully completed.

`Sec. 949i. Pleas of the accused

`(a) Entry of Plea of Not Guilty- If an accused in a military commission under this chapter after a plea of guilty sets up matter inconsistent with the plea, or if it appears that the accused has entered the plea of guilty through lack of understanding of its meaning and effect, or if the accused fails or refuses to plead, a plea of not guilty shall be entered in the record, and the military commission shall proceed as though the accused had pleaded not guilty.

`(b) Finding of Guilt After Guilty Plea- With respect to any charge or specification to which a plea of guilty has been made by the accused in a military commission under this chapter and accepted by the military judge, a finding of guilty of the charge or specification may be entered immediately without a vote. The finding shall constitute the finding of the commission unless the plea of guilty is withdrawn prior to announcement of the sentence, in which event the proceedings shall continue as though the accused had pleaded not guilty.

`Sec. 949j. Opportunity to obtain witnesses and other evidence

`(a) Right of Defense Counsel- Defense counsel in a military commission under this chapter shall have a reasonable opportunity to obtain witnesses and other evidence as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.

`(b) Process for Compulsion- Process issued in a military commission under this chapter to compel witnesses to appear and testify and to compel the production of other evidence--

`(1) shall be similar to that which courts of the United States having criminal jurisdiction may lawfully issue; and

`(2) shall run to any place where the United States shall have jurisdiction thereof.

`(c) Protection of Classified Information- (1) With respect to the discovery obligations of trial counsel under this section, the military judge, upon motion of trial counsel, shall authorize, to the extent practicable--

`(A) the deletion of specified items of classified information from documents to be made available to the accused;

`(B) the substitution of a portion or summary of the information for such classified documents; or

`(C) the substitution of a statement admitting relevant facts that the classified information would tend to prove.

`(2) The military judge, upon motion of trial counsel, shall authorize trial counsel, in the course of complying with discovery obligations under this section, to protect from disclosure the sources, methods, or activities by which the United States acquired evidence if the military judge finds that the sources, methods, or activities by which the United States acquired such evidence are classified. The military judge may require trial counsel to provide, to the extent practicable, an unclassified summary of the sources, methods, or activities by which the United States acquired such evidence.

`(d) Exculpatory Evidence- (1) As soon as practicable, trial counsel shall disclose to the defense the existence of any evidence known to trial counsel that reasonably tends to exculpate the accused. Where exculpatory evidence is classified, the accused shall be provided with an adequate substitute in accordance with the procedures under subsection (c).

`(2) In this subsection, the term `evidence known to trial counsel', in the case of exculpatory evidence, means exculpatory evidence that the prosecution would be required to disclose in a trial by general court-martial under chapter 47 of this title.

`Sec. 949k. Defense of lack of mental responsibility

`(a) Affirmative Defense- It is an affirmative defense in a trial by military commission under this chapter that, at the time of the commission of the acts constituting the offense, the accused, as a result of a severe mental disease or defect, was unable to appreciate the nature and quality or the wrongfulness of the acts. Mental disease or defect does not otherwise constitute a defense.

`(b) Burden of Proof- The accused in a military commission under this chapter has the burden of proving the defense of lack of mental responsibility by clear and convincing evidence.

`(c) Findings Following Assertion of Defense- Whenever lack of mental responsibility of the accused with respect to an offense is properly at issue in a military commission under this chapter, the military judge shall instruct the members of the commission as to the defense of lack of mental responsibility under this section and shall charge them to find the accused--

`(1) guilty;

`(2) not guilty; or

`(3) subject to subsection (d), not guilty by reason of lack of mental responsibility.

`(d) Majority Vote Required for Finding- The accused shall be found not guilty by reason of lack of mental responsibility under subsection (c)(3) only if a majority of the members present at the time the vote is taken determines that the defense of lack of mental responsibility has been established.

`Sec. 949l. Voting and rulings

`(a) Vote by Secret Written Ballot- Voting by members of a military commission under this chapter on the findings and on the sentence shall be by secret written ballot.

`(b) Rulings- (1) The military judge in a military commission under this chapter shall rule upon all questions of law, including the admissibility of evidence and all interlocutory questions arising during the proceedings.

`(2) Any ruling made by the military judge upon a question of law or an interlocutory question (other than the factual issue of mental responsibility of the accused) is conclusive and constitutes the ruling of the military commission. However, a military judge may change his ruling at any time during the trial.

`(c) Instructions Prior to Vote- Before a vote is taken of the findings of a military commission under this chapter, the military judge shall, in the presence of the accused and counsel, instruct the members as to the elements of the offense and charge the members--

`(1) that the accused must be presumed to be innocent until his guilt is established by legal and competent evidence beyond a reasonable doubt;

`(2) that in the case being considered, if there is a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused, the doubt must be resolved in favor of the accused and he must be acquitted;

`(3) that, if there is reasonable doubt as to the degree of guilt, the finding must be in a lower degree as to which there is no reasonable doubt; and

`(4) that the burden of proof to establish the guilt of the accused beyond a reasonable doubt is upon the United States.

`Sec. 949m. Number of votes required

`(a) Conviction- No person may be convicted by a military commission under this chapter of any offense, except as provided in section 949i(b) of this title or by concurrence of two-thirds of the members present at the time the vote is taken.

`(b) Sentences- (1) No person may be sentenced by a military commission to suffer death, except insofar as--

`(A) the penalty of death is expressly authorized under this chapter or the law of war for an offense of which the accused has been found guilty;

`(B) trial counsel expressly sought the penalty of death by filing an appropriate notice in advance of trial;

`(C) the accused is convicted of the offense by the concurrence of all the members present at the time the vote is taken; and

`(D) all the members present at the time the vote is taken concur in the sentence of death.

`(2) No person may be sentenced to life imprisonment, or to confinement for more than 10 years, by a military commission under this chapter except by the concurrence of three-fourths of the members present at the time the vote is taken.

`(3) All other sentences shall be determined by a military commission by the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present at the time the vote is taken.

`(c) Number of Members Required for Penalty of Death- (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), in a case in which the penalty of death is sought, the number of members of the military commission under this chapter shall be not less than 12.

`(2) In any case described in paragraph (1) in which 12 members are not reasonably available because of physical conditions or military exigencies, the convening authority shall specify a lesser number of members for the military commission (but not fewer than 9 members), and the military commission may be assembled, and the trial held, with not fewer than the number of members so specified. In such a case, the convening authority shall make a detailed written statement, to be appended to the record, stating why a greater number of members were not reasonably available.

`Sec. 949n. Military commission to announce action

`A military commission under this chapter shall announce its findings and sentence to the parties as soon as determined.

`Sec. 949o. Record of trial

`(a) Record; Authentication- Each military commission under this chapter shall keep a separate, verbatim, record of the proceedings in each case brought before it, and the record shall be authenticated by the signature of the military judge. If the record cannot be authenticated by the military judge by reason of his death, disability, or absence, it shall be authenticated by the signature of the trial counsel or by a member of the commission if the trial counsel is unable to authenticate it by reason of his death, disability, or absence. Where appropriate, and as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, the record of a military commission under this chapter may contain a classified annex.

`(b) Complete Record Required- A complete record of the proceedings and testimony shall be prepared in every military commission under this chapter.

`(c) Provision of Copy to Accused- A copy of the record of the proceedings of the military commission under this chapter shall be given the accused as soon as it is authenticated. If the record contains classified information, or a classified annex, the accused shall be given a redacted version of the record consistent with the requirements of section 949d of this title. Defense counsel shall have access to the unredacted record, as provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense.

`SUBCHAPTER V--SENTENCES
`Sec.
`949s. Cruel or unusual punishments prohibited.
`949t. Maximum limits.
`949u. Execution of confinement.

`Sec. 949s. Cruel or unusual punishments prohibited

`Punishment by flogging, or by branding, marking, or tattooing on the body, or any other cruel or unusual punishment, may not be adjudged by a military commission under this chapter or inflicted under this chapter upon any person subject to this chapter. The use of irons, single or double, except for the purpose of safe custody, is prohibited under this chapter.

`Sec. 949t. Maximum limits

`The punishment which a military commission under this chapter may direct for an offense may not exceed such limits as the President or Secretary of Defense may prescribe for that offense.

`Sec. 949u. Execution of confinement

`(a) In General- Under such regulations as the Secretary of Defense may prescribe, a sentence of confinement adjudged by a military commission under this chapter may be carried into execution by confinement--

`(1) in any place of confinement under the control of any of the armed forces; or

`(2) in any penal or correctional institution under the control of the United States or its allies, or which the United States may be allowed to use.

`(b) Treatment During Confinement by Other Than the Armed Forces- Persons confined under subsection (a)(2) in a penal or correctional institution not under the control of an armed force are subject to the same discipline and treatment as persons confined or committed by the courts of the United States or of the State, District of Columbia, or place in which the institution is situated.

`SUBCHAPTER VI--POST-TRIAL PROCEDURE AND REVIEW OF MILITARY COMMISSIONS
`Sec.
`950a. Error of law; lesser included offense.
`950b. Review by the convening authority.
`950c. Appellate referral; waiver or withdrawal of appeal.
`950d. Appeal by the United States.
`950e. Rehearings.
`950f. Review by Court of Military Commission Review.
`950g. Review by the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit and the Supreme Court.
`950h. Appellate counsel.
`950i. Execution of sentence; procedures for execution of sentence of death.
`950j. Finality or proceedings, findings, and sentences.

`Sec. 950a. Error of law; lesser included offense

`(a) Error of Law- A finding or sentence of a military commission under this chapter may not be held incorrect on the ground of an error of law unless the error materially prejudices the substantial rights of the accused.

`(b) Lesser Included Offense- Any reviewing authority with the power to approve or affirm a finding of guilty by a military commission under this chapter may approve or affirm, instead, so much of the finding as includes a lesser included offense.

`Sec. 950b. Review by the convening authority

`(a) Notice to Convening Authority of Findings and Sentence- The findings and sentence of a military commission under this chapter shall be reported in writing promptly to the convening authority after the announcement of the sentence.

`(b) Submittal of Matters by Accused to Convening Authority- (1) The accused may submit to the convening authority matters for consideration by the convening authority with respect to the findings and the sentence of the military commission under this chapter.

`(2)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a submittal under paragraph (1) shall be made in writing within 20 days after the accused has been given an authenticated record of trial under section 949o(c) of this title.

`(B) If the accused shows that additional time is required for the accused to make a submittal under paragraph (1), the convening authority may, for good cause, extend the applicable period under subparagraph (A) for not more than an additional 20 days.

`(3) The accused may waive his right to make a submittal to the convening authority under paragraph (1). Such a waiver shall be made in writing and may not be revoked. For the purposes of subsection (c)(2), the time within which the accused may make a submittal under this subsection shall be deemed to have expired upon the submittal of a waiver under this paragraph to the convening authority.

`(c) Action by Convening Authority- (1) The authority under this subsection to modify the findings and sentence of a military commission under this chapter is a matter of the sole discretion and prerogative of the convening authority.

`(2)(A) The convening authority shall take action on the sentence of a military commission under this chapter.

`(B) Subject to regulations prescribed by the Secretary of Defense, action on the sentence under this paragraph may be taken only after consideration of any matters submitted by the accused under subsection (b) or after the time for submitting such matters expires, whichever is earlier.

`(C) In taking action under this paragraph, the convening authority may, in his sole discretion, approve, disapprove, commute, or suspend the sentence in whole or in part. The convening authority may not increase a sentence beyond that which is found by the military commission.

`(3) The convening authority is not required to take action on the findings of a military commission under this chapter. If the convening authority takes action on the findings, the convening authority may, in his sole discretion, may--

`(A) dismiss any charge or specification by setting aside a finding of guilty thereto; or

`(B) change a finding of guilty to a charge to a finding of guilty to an offense that is a lesser included offense of the offense stated in the charge.

`(4) The convening authority shall serve on the accused or on defense counsel notice of any action taken by the convening authority under this subsection.

`(d) Order of Revision or Rehearing- (1) Subject to paragraphs (2) and (3), the convening authority of a military commission under this chapter may, in his sole discretion, order a proceeding in revision or a rehearing.

`(2)(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a proceeding in revision may be ordered by the convening authority if--

`(i) there is an apparent error or omission in the record; or

`(ii) the record shows improper or inconsistent action by the military commission with respect to the findings or sentence that can be rectified without material prejudice to the substantial rights of the accused.

`(B) In no case may a proceeding in revision--

`(i) reconsider a finding of not guilty of a specification or a ruling which amounts to a finding of not guilty;

`(ii) reconsider a finding of not guilty of any charge, unless there has been a finding of guilty under a specification laid under that charge, which sufficiently alleges a violation; or

`(iii) increase the severity of the sentence unless the sentence prescribed for the offense is mandatory.

`(3) A rehearing may be ordered by the convening authority if the convening authority disapproves the findings and sentence and states the reasons for disapproval of the findings. If the convening authority disapproves the finding and sentence and does not order a rehearing, the convening authority shall dismiss the charges. A rehearing as to the findings may not be ordered by the convening authority when there is a lack of sufficient evidence in the record to support the findings. A rehearing as to the sentence may be ordered by the convening authority if the convening authority disapproves the sentence.

`Sec. 950c. Appellate referral; waiver or withdrawal of appeal

`(a) Automatic Referral for Appellate Review- Except as provided under subsection (b), in each case in which the final decision of a military commission (as approved by the convening authority) includes a finding of guilty, the convening authority shall refer the case to the Court of Military Commission Review. Any such referral shall be made in accordance with procedures prescribed under regulations of the Secretary.

`(b) Waiver of Right of Review- (1) In each case subject to appellate review under section 950f of this title, except a case in which the sentence as approved under section 950b of this title extends to death, the accused may file with the convening authority a statement expressly waiving the right of the accused to such review.

`(2) A waiver under paragraph (1) shall be signed by both the accused and a defense counsel.

`(3) A waiver under paragraph (1) must be filed, if at all, within 10 days after notice on the action is served on the accused or on defense counsel under section 950b(c)(4) of this title. The convening authority, for good cause, may extend the period for such filing by not more than 30 days.

`(c) Withdrawal of Appeal- Except in a case in which the sentence as approved under section 950b of this title extends to death, the accused may withdraw an appeal at any time.

`(d) Effect of Waiver or Withdrawal- A waiver of the right to appellate review or the withdrawal of an appeal under this section bars review under section 950f of this title.